ADHD, also known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, affects both children and adults. Symptoms may change throughout life but often remain the same. Diagnosis of ADHD requires a comprehensive psychiatric history and examination that includes the specific diagnostic criteria of DSM-5.
In children, the diagnosis is made by specialists in pediatrics or child and adolescent psychiatry as well as psychotherapists. Adults with ADHD often struggle with problems in relationships or at work. Treatment usually begins with a detailed consultation in which the disorder and the resulting everyday problems are explained.
There are various treatment options for ADHD in adults, which are adapted to the individual situation. The therapy aims to alleviate the symptoms and improve the quality of life of those affected. Current guidelines, such as those of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in all age groups.
ADHD: Definition and Basics
ADHD is a complex neurobiological developmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The severity and symptoms can vary between children and adults.
ADHD at a glance
ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is a condition that usually begins in childhood and often continues into adulthood. Typical symptoms include difficulty concentrating, increased distractibility and difficulty completing tasks.
Children and adolescents with ADHD often show pronounced motor restlessness. They have difficulty sitting still and often appear as if they are "driven". Impulsive behavior is expressed by hasty actions without considering possible consequences.
The diagnosis is made according to the criteria of the ICD-11 or DSM-V and requires a comprehensive examination by specialists or psychologists to determine the severity of the ADHD.
ADHD vs. ADD
ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) is often considered a subtype of ADHD. The main difference lies in the degree of hyperactivity.
In ADHD, inattention is the main symptom, while hyperactivity and impulsivity are less pronounced or absent. Those affected often appear dreamy, forgetful and disorganized.
ADHD, on the other hand, includes all three core symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The severity can vary from individual to individual.
Both disorders can have a significant impact on everyday life and often require multimodal treatment that combines behavioral therapy and, if necessary, medication approaches.
causes and risk factors
ADHD is caused by a complex interaction of different factors. Genetic predisposition and neurobiological differences play a central role, while environmental influences can act as triggers or reinforcing elements.
Genetic and neurobiological factors
The genetic component of ADHD is significant. Studies show a heritability of 70-80%. Those affected often have peculiarities in brain structure and function.
Abnormalities are particularly found in areas responsible for attention and impulse control. The neurotransmitter balance, especially dopamine and noradrenaline, is often altered.
These differences influence information processing and behavior control. They explain typical ADHD symptoms such as inattention and impulsivity.
Environmental Factors and Early Childhood Development
Environmental influences can increase the risk of ADHD or worsen symptoms. Stress or conflicts in the family can have a negative impact.
Complications during pregnancy or birth may play a role. Smoking, alcohol or drug use by the mother during pregnancy increase the risk of ADHD in the child.
Early childhood experiences in kindergarten or school influence the course of the disease. A structured environment and positive relationships can alleviate symptoms.
Toxins such as lead or certain additives are suspected of promoting ADHD. The influence of diet and media consumption is discussed but has not been conclusively clarified.
diagnosis of ADHD
The correct diagnosis of ADHD requires a comprehensive assessment by a specialist physician or psychotherapist, using standardized criteria and a thorough examination of symptoms and impairments.
diagnostic criteria according to DSM
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) sets out specific criteria for the diagnosis of ADHD to better determine the severity of the disorder. These include persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms must occur in at least two areas of life and interfere with development.
Stricter criteria apply to children than to adults. Adults must have at least five of nine symptoms, and children must have six of nine.
Symptoms should have appeared before the age of 12 and lasted for at least six months.
Importance of early detection
An early diagnosis of ADHD is crucial for effective treatment. In children, it enables targeted support at school and in the family.
Unrecognized ADHD can lead to problems in relationships, work, and self-esteem. Early detection helps to avoid or minimize these difficulties.
For adults, the diagnosis can provide an explanation for lifelong challenges. It opens up possibilities for adapted therapies and coping strategies.
A timely diagnosis improves the quality of life and reduces the risk of comorbidities such as depression or anxiety disorders.
treatment approaches for ADHD
The treatment of ADHD includes various approaches that are individually adapted. Medication, psychotherapy and behavioral interventions as well as specific strategies for everyday life form the cornerstones of therapy.
Drug therapy
ADHD patients often use medications that act on the neurotransmitters dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain. Methylphenidate is the most commonly used drug. These medications can improve concentration and attention.
Special preparations such as Medikinet adult or Ritalin adult are available for adults. The dosage is adjusted individually and checked regularly.
Possible side effects are carefully monitored. Close cooperation between doctor and patient is important for the success of treatment for the mental illness ADHD.
psychotherapy and behavioral interventions
Psychotherapeutic approaches play an important role in ADHD treatment. Behavioral therapy helps to develop new strategies for dealing with ADHD symptoms.
Cognitive techniques help improve attention and impulse control in people with ADHD. Social skills training can help with relationship problems.
For adults, psychoeducation can be helpful in better understanding the disorder. Family therapy or couples counseling can also provide support.
Dealing with ADHD in School and Family Life
In everyday school life, special learning strategies and a structured environment can improve academic performance. Teachers should be aware of the ADHD diagnosis and provide appropriate support.
Clear rules and routines in everyday family life help to create structure. Positive reinforcement of desired behavior is particularly important.
Reward systems can be motivating for younger children. Parent training provides strategies for dealing with behavioral problems.
Regular exercise and sport can have a positive effect on ADHD symptoms. Sufficient sleep and a balanced diet are also important.
ADHD in Adulthood
For many sufferers, ADHD persists into adulthood. However, the symptoms and challenges change over time.
Changes in symptoms and challenges
In adults with ADHD, the symptoms are often more subtle than in children. Classic hyperactivity often decreases, while inner restlessness and impulsivity may remain.
Adults with ADHD often struggle with:
difficulty concentrating
Problems at work or at university
difficulties in relationships
mood swings
self-esteem problems
Diagnosis in adulthood can be challenging because symptoms are more subtle. A thorough history and specialized diagnostics are important.
support and lifestyle
There are various support options for adults with ADHD:
Drug treatment
behavioral therapy
coaching and consulting
self-help groups
Structured daily routines and to-do lists can be helpful. Exercise and relaxation techniques also have a positive effect.
Over time, many sufferers learn to use their ADHD-related strengths, such as creativity and enthusiasm, in a targeted manner. Open communication with employers and partners about the diagnosis can promote understanding.
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